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http://xmodulo.com/build-kernel-module-dkms-linux.html
Suppose you wanted to install a device driver for a new graphics card, a WiFi dongle, or a network interface card that you purchased, and for whatever reason (e.g., missing prebuilt driver, outdated driver version, non-common build options), you decided to compile and install the driver module from the source. So you went ahead and downloaded the official source code of the device driver, compiled it against the kernel, installed and activated it. The new hardware is successfully recognized, and everything works fine.
Now think about what will happen to the driver if you upgrade to a newer kernel later. The driver was built 'outside' the stock kernel source tree, so once your system is upgraded to a newer kernel, the driver you built will cease to work properly.
How to solve this problem? Well, you need to re-compile the driver against the newer kernel and re-install it. Obviously it becomes quite cumbersome if you have to re-build the driver manually every time you upgrade your kernel.
This is when dynamic kernel module support (DKMS) comes in handy. The DKMS framework enables you to automatically re-build kernel modules into the current kernel tree as you upgrade your kernel. Hardware vendors often distribute their hardware's device driver as a DKMS package, so that users can auto-update the installed driver while they upgrade to a newer kernel. As an end-user you can easily configure DKMS to auto-update any custom device driver or kernel module that resides outside the stock kernel tree.
In this tutorial, I will demonstrate how to auto-build a kernel module with DKMS on Linux.

Install DKMS on Linux

You can install DKMS on various Linux distros as follows. As part of DKMS installation, necessary build tools (e.g., gcc, make) and kernel headers will also be installed by the distro's package manager.
Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint:
Fedora:
$ sudo dnf install dkms
CentOS or RHEL:
First enable EPEL repository and proceed with:
Arch Linux:
$ sudo pacman -S dkms

Auto-Build a Kernel Module with DKMS

Now let me show how to configure DKMS to re-build a kernel module for a new kernel automatically. In a nutshell, you need to create a DKMS configuration for the kernel module, and install the module with DKMS. Then any subsequent kernel upgrade will trigger DKMS to re-build the module.
In this tutorial, I will use ixgbe Intel NIC driver as an example kernel module.
First, download and install the source code of the driver under /usr/src/-.
$ wget http://tenet.dl.sourceforge.net/project/e1000/ixgbe%20stable/4.3.15/ixgbe-4.3.15.tar.gz
$ sudo tar -xf ixgbe-4.3.15.tar.gz -C /usr/local/src
$ sudo mv /usr/local/src/ixgbe-4.3.15/src /usr/src/ixgbe-4.3.15
Create the following dkms.conf file under this directory as follows.
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4
PACKAGE_VERSION='4.3.15'
DEST_MODULE_LOCATION[0]='/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/ixgbe/'
Next, add the module to the kernel tree.
$ sudo dkms add -m ixgbe -v 4.3.15
Or simply:
Build the specified module against the currently running kernel.
MacOr:
$ sudo dkms build ixgbe/4.3.15

Finally, install the module under the current kernel tree.
Or:
$ sudo dkms install ixgbe/4.3.15

At this point, the kernel module should be successfully installed. You can check the status of the module with:

Verify Auto-Build of a Kernel Module during Kernel Upgrade

With DKMS configured for ixgbe driver, let's see what happens to the installed driver when we upgrade to a new kernel. In this test, I am going to upgrade the kernel from 3.10.0-229 to 3.10.0-327. The test environment used is CentOS 7, so I am going to use yum to upgrade to the new kernel. Note that the new kernel's matching kernel headers also need to be installed for DKMS to re-build the device driver.
Before upgrading the kernel, check the version of ixgbe driver and the kernel.
$ modinfo ixgbe

We can see that the device driver 4.3.15 was installed by DKMS for the kernel 3.10.0-229.
Now go ahead and install a newer kernel and matching header files.
After rebooting into the new kernel, check the module information of ixgbe driver again.
You should see that the ixgbe driver of the same version has automatically been built for a new kernel 3.10.0-327.
Note that if you had upgraded to a new kernel without installing matching kernel headers, DKMS wouldn't have been triggered, and the driver wouldn't have been re-built from its source. Instead, a stock kernel driver (if available) that came with the new kernel would have been used.
For example, the following is the result of upgrading to a new kernel without matching kernel headers, where you can see that the new kernel loaded a stock ixgbe driver whose version is a little outdated.
You can always re-build the custom driver at any time by triggering DKMS manually as follows. Be sure to install matching kernel headers first.
$ sudo yum install kernel-devel
$ sudo dkms build ixgbe/4.3.15
$ sudo dkms install ixgbe/4.3.15

Conclusion

In this post I demonstrated how to use DKMS to auto-build a kernel module. Granted, DKMS may not always be preferred especially in production Linux environments where development packages and build tools are typically not allowed. But for development environments or personal desktop, if you have any custom-built kernel module, DKMS makes your life easy by keeping the module updated against new kernels.
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NFS is well suited for sharing entire file systems with a large number of known hosts in a transparent manner. However, with ease of use comes a variety of potential security problems.

The following points should be considered when exporting NFS file systems on a server or mounting them on a client. Doing so minimizes NFS security risks and better protects data on the server.

Depending on which version of NFS you plan to implement, depends on your existing network environment, and your security concerns. The following sections explain the differences between implementing security measures with NFSv2, NFSv3, and NFSv4. If at all possible, use of NFSv4 is recommended over other versions of NFS.

NFS controls who can mount an exported file system based on the host making the mount request, not the user that actually uses the file system. Hosts must be given explicit rights to mount the exported file system. Access control is not possible for users, other than through file and directory permissions. In other words, once a file system is exported via NFS, any user on any remote host connected to the NFS server can access the shared data. To limit the potential risks, administrators often allow read-only access or squash user permissions to a common user and group ID. Unfortunately, these solutions prevent the NFS share from being used in the way it was originally intended.

Additionally, if an attacker gains control of the DNS server used by the system exporting the NFS file system, the system associated with a particular hostname or fully qualified domain name can be pointed to an unauthorized machine. At this point, the unauthorized machine is the system permitted to mount the NFS share, since no username or password information is exchanged to provide additional security for the NFS mount.

Wildcards should be used sparingly when exporting directories via NFS as it is possible for the scope of the wildcard to encompass more systems than intended.

It is also possible to restrict access to the portmap service via TCP wrappers. Access to ports used by portmap, rpc.mountd, and rpc.nfsd can also be limited by creating firewall rules with iptables.

For more information on securing NFS and portmap, refer to Section 42.9, “IPTables”.

The release of NFSv4 brought a revolution to authentication and security to NFS exports. NFSv4 mandates the implementation of the RPCSEC_GSS kernel module, the Kerberos version 5 GSS-API mechanism, SPKM-3, and LIPKEY. With NFSv4, the mandatory security mechanisms are oriented towards authenticating individual users, and not client machines as used in NFSv2 and NFSv3.

Note

It is assumed that a Kerberos ticket-granting server (KDC) is installed and configured correctly, prior to configuring an NFSv4 server. Kerberos is a network authentication system which allows clients and servers to authenticate to each other through use of symmetric encryption and a trusted third party, the KDC.

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NFSv4 includes ACL support based on the Microsoft Windows NT model, not the POSIX model, because of its features and because it is widely deployed. NFSv2 and NFSv3 do not have support for native ACL attributes.

Another important security feature of NFSv4 is its removal of the rpc.mountd daemon. The rpc.mountd daemon presented possible security holes because of the way it dealt with filehandlers.

For more information on the RPCSEC_GSS framework, including how rpc.svcgssd and rpc.gssd inter operate, refer to http://www.citi.umich.edu/projects/nfsv4/gssd/.

Once the NFS file system is mounted read/write by a remote host, the only protection each shared file has is its permissions. If two users that share the same user ID value mount the same NFS file system, they can modify each others files. Additionally, anyone logged in as root on the client system can use the su - command to become a user who could access particular files via the NFS share.

By default, access control lists (ACLs) are supported by NFS under Red Hat Enterprise Linux. It is not recommended that this feature be disabled.

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The default behavior when exporting a file system via NFS is to use root squashing. This sets the user ID of anyone accessing the NFS share as the root user on their local machine to a value of the server's nfsnobody account. Never turn off root squashing.

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If exporting an NFS share as read-only, consider using the all_squash option, which makes every user accessing the exported file system take the user ID of the nfsnobody user.

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